Thursday, October 14, 2010

Procurement of essential personnel of the five quality



Each year, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Alberta City Academy to be received tens of thousands of purchasing managers from around the world who come from different countries, with retail, manufacturing, purchasing different industry experience and work experience. Although the schools have started to provide online distance education courses, many people traveled across the country come here to fight for the free exchange of teachers and the opportunity.

What makes these arguments million on "gold" hand down the purchasing managers gathered here in large orders? They want what?

Purchasing Management Association of Canada procurement and supply chain management courses in cutting-edge teaching college, the Albert College to provide Canadian students registered for the procurement of teaching and teacher education information. Institute of Purchasing Management Certificate offered by CIP (Certificate in Purchasing) certification program, the curriculum does not seem so special - the procurement principles, inventory control and materials management, and transport and logistics management, and then two topics discussed by theoretical and practical combination of operating and economic environment.

At first glance, this training and other professional education is not much difference, but the Canadian Institute of Purchasing Management Association of Alberta Chief Executive Officer Ms. Cora S. Crisostomo but did not think so. In her view, that the College for participants of all courses are offered to create a successful purchasing manager's five professional quality, so they have a kind of concept-based global supply chain and international perspective, to enhance their procurement level and status in the industry and, ultimately, national economic development.

China's "talent market report" in late 2004 announced the results of their evaluation, the logistics industry to become in 2005 the most "money" King of the industry, including procurement personnel will be the most "money" way of the people, the domestic market procurement staff salary will be between 10-25 million yuan. Ms. Cora brought the five essential qualities the successful purchaser, may give China the growth and development of procurement personnel to bring some enlightenment.

Moral Literacy

Workplace forums have a post, written by the boss, in recruiting workers resorted to various "litmus test", which aims to test the professional skills of employees outside of ethics, which is ranked number one procurement.

According to the exchange of User Content, corruption in procurement and sales most part, almost all the large enterprise to do marketing and procurement people got used to the behavior of taking kickbacks. The business community staged from time to time due to personal career development manager Joe to leave the service segment, like a revolving door for the purchasing department, the U.S. Congress enacted the "FCPA" also can not guarantee that U.S. companies immune to the Chinese business sector. For this reason, some companies even lists some of the land rules, such as the pay of their business income as a percent of the number of professional ethics deposit withheld, no violations end uniform. Thus, ethics has become the main criteria for staff appraisal business.

Ms. Cora that all managers in the procurement of essential qualities, high moral quality was ranked first. She purchasing managers around the world exchange found that some in the industry do most of the top purchasing managers have high moral qualities and strict working attitude. These include: maintaining the loyalty of the enterprise; without personal bias, taking into account all the factors, based on the best value from suppliers procurement; adhere to the integrity and behavior as the basis for the work; to avoid all possible harm to commercial transactions supply business, and other objects they have business dealings; refused to accept the supply of business gifts; ongoing efforts to improve in the way their methods, materials, and Ying Xiang procurement Zuoyeliucheng Shang of Zhi Shi; in trading Zhong He Jianchilianghao by the Shang Ye criteria.

With the purchase of corporate strategy in becoming more and more high quality professional ethics of the purchasing manager is successful the first necessary quality.

Global view of the supply chain and international perspective

There is an allegory to hell and heaven metaphor to understand the importance of collaboration.

Some people talk about heaven and hell and God's question, God decided to take him were to look at these two places. First they go to hell. This is a room, the room a group of people around a pot of broth, everyone looks malnutrition, hunger and desperate. Each of them has a pot can be enough to spoon, but the spoon handle a full two meters long, his mouth can not send to the soup. They look so miserable. God then let the people go to heaven, the same room, the same pot of soup, the same long-handled spoons, but also a group of people, but they look refreshed, we are happy singing.

"Why?" This man did not understand. God smiled and answered: "is actually very simple, heaven will spoon feed their own people, but who the hell would not do."

Team spirit of mutual cooperation is an important indicator of the measure, also winning in the era of supply chain enterprises based on the market the only way to fight for dominance. Practice shows that the implementation of procurement staff to maximize procurement cost savings, not only to take into account the price factor, but also understand the supply chain, operations, specifically purchasing in all aspects of the different characteristics and implications.

With economic development and international trade more frequently, procurement of Chinese enterprises are rapidly developing to present the most obvious trend is the globalization and localization procurement procurement. At the same time, business requirements of procurement practitioners have begun to improve. Retail business of purchasing managers is urgently needed, for example, because a large number of retail enterprises into stock to avoid product precipitation, reducing inventory tie up capital, which requires the familiar retail procurement process to ensure the orderly operation of the procurement system. In addition, the purchasing manager has overall responsibility for corporate purchasing departments in addition to the daily management and operations, the management of procurement of goods expanded from external resources and suppliers to the scope of management, to tackle the supply chain, procurement to be a reasonable implementation.

Built on the basis of such working conditions, procurement staff on supply chain communication and coordination has been most important. Analysis of various recruitment notice that we can find the necessary business talent to be referred to the general requirements of communication and coordination, which is increasingly set by China's large enterprises supply chain management concept has much success.

How far are already of the procurement, cross-country, regional procurement, the procurement staff have good English communication skills, always concerned about supply chain events, such as raw material price fluctuations, climatic fluctuations, and the impact on sensitive to factors that can make timely early warning and preventive measures. And also to understand the international latest technology and products. From the talent market trend analysis, we can see that the current lack most is a global vision of management talent, the world's top 500 enterprises invested in China, most of these requirements are listed.

Can be seen, based on the global supply chain management, procurement, and international perspective view of procurement professionals is an essential quality of the second and third.

The total cost of procurement principles and techniques

Purchasing a well-known experts, a good procurement cost of items is not only emphasized, if it took 50 cents to buy a pen with a bad two days, it is better to buy 5 dollars for a good few months but can be used for document, procurement personnel to learn the most important concern is the total cost of purchasing behavior, not a commodity price.

Seemingly simple truth is not easy to implement. To get really affordable also for the goods, in addition to required levels, the negotiation of purchasing managers, for their vision and understanding of the product cost structure, and procurement strategies are put forward are not low demand. Now, whether Panasonic, General Motors and other established firms, or Dell, HP and other new businesses have created a strong procurement department and improving the precision of the procurement system, the purpose is to cause the purchasing department is also playing a profit center.

Several well-known enterprises from the case, we can see that the procurement officer's efforts to reduce costs and use of skills.

Ford's purchasing managers to develop new suppliers as their annual routine. Tenders are required to have new faces every time the emergence of major commodities, material suppliers at least three, and further development should be at least a year. Do is to create a competitive situation between suppliers to ensure supply quality and reduce costs.

Dealing with Wal-Mart suppliers are more likely to live Erma love and hate. Love is the merchandise into the live Erma some good sales, and hate is living Erma's procurement staff through advanced information systems on the cost of well known suppliers, and their profit margins are at a lower pressure level. Therefore, the understanding of supplier cost structures can ask them to profit, which is the main weapon of the negotiations.

Global Microwave champion Galanz company attaches great importance to a win-win relationships with suppliers, its suppliers, procurement officers and suppliers to the most reluctant to "engage in relations" known. Moreover, the materials sector personnel with suppliers to lower component costs of the method towards higher quality and more cost goal. A win-win relationships with suppliers help to improve corporate profits.

Hutchison Whampoa built database of procurement costs, including numerous manufacturers of similar products in the market price, cost structure, etc., by the auditing experts maintenance. All purchases are conducted through tenders, Hutchison Whampoa provides: All purchases must be carried out by tender. Procurement of more than 3,000 must have three or more bids, more than 5,000 yuan must have five or more purchases, bidding parity after the buyer can initially pricing audit by experts from the audit. Tender price ratio make cost control rules to follow. Moreover, purchasing managers are now more popular, another technique is to require bidders listed in the tender single cost, not just a lump sum, in order to facilitate the water to see them.

So, get skills through a variety of procurement costs and the total cost of procurement of priority principles of a successful manager must possess the quality of the fourth and fifth.







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Monday, October 11, 2010

Extreme Programming (eXtreme Programming) Summary


顥?顥?extreme Programming (eXtreme Programming) is a development of discipline, simplicity, communication, feedback and courage as the basic aim. Its approach is practical and effective rules for the whole team closer together, through adequate feedback to enable the team to keep aware of their current situation and the proper regulation of the rules to suit their particular circumstances.

顥?顥?In Extreme Programming, every contributor is a project "team" full part. This team was built around a team every day and sit together to work together with business representatives - the "Client" set up.

顥?顥?core practice: the whole team

顥?顥?Extreme Programming teams use a simple approach to planning and tracking to determine what to do next and to predict when the project will be completed. Focus on business value, the team passed through a series of customer-defined test and fully integrated to create small software publishers.

顥?顥?core practice: planning strategies, small releases, customer test

顥?顥?extreme programmers the way through paired and group work together, through simple design and compulsory testing of code, constantly improve the design to ensure the design is always appropriate to the current needs.

顥?顥?core practices: simple design, pair programming, test-first development, design improvements

顥?顥?Extreme Programming team will always maintain a system to integrate and run all the time. The way programmers write in pairs all the product code, and have to work all the time. They form a similar code to ensure that all members can be required to understand and improve all the code.

顥?顥?core practice: continuous integration, collective code ownership, coding standards

顥?顥?Extreme Programming team shares a simple system of public and blueprint. All members can keep up from time to time in accordance with a kind of rhythm work.

顥?顥?core practice: the system metaphor, an acceptable pace

顥?顥?team as a whole

顥?顥?an XP project all participants as a team member sit together. The team must include a representative of the business - "customers" needs him to set the priority degree and the direction in charge of the entire project. Best to the client or his assistant is an end-user to understand the field, know what is needed. Team, of course, there are programmers. Team may include testers, who help customers define customer acceptance testing. Analysts as customer assistant, to help customers define requirements. Usually there will be a guide, he helped the team to track, promote the development process. There may be a manager, he provides resources to deal with foreign exchanges and the division of work. None of these duties must be unique to an individual: each of XP team members in any way they can do to participate, the best team no experts, only a few have special skills to participate in general persons.

顥?顥?planning strategy

顥?顥?XP software development projects to solve two key problems: the responsibility to predict what things will be completed during the period, and determine what needs to be done next. Grasp of the project focused on the right track - it is quite straightforward - more than hope that something will need to accurately predict which and how much time possible - this is very difficult. In XP there are two key planning steps to solve these two problems:

顥?顥?release plan is a practical demonstration programmers allow customers to obtain the desired characteristics, and programmers to assess their degree of difficulty. When the hand with the cost of assessment and the importance of these characteristics of cognitive processes, the customer to arrange a project plan. The initial release plan need to leave enough room for: priority and the assessment are not real reliable, and know the team before starting work, we can not exactly understand the progress of the development team. Even the initial release plan is not precise enough to be decisive, so XP teams often released from time to time correction program.

顥?顥?iteration plan is to take a practice for the development team a few weeks every direction. XP teams through two weeks of "iteration" to create a software system, the end of each iteration can be run to provide the practical use of software systems. During iteration plans, customer presentations within the next two weeks hope to complete features. Programmers to separate them into several tasks, and to assess their cost (up plans to release detailed some). Based on the previous iteration to complete the work, the team signed the current iteration of work will have to bear.

顥?顥?These plans are very simple, but they offer very good information and excellent steering control. Every few weeks, how much progress can be at a glance. In XP, there is no "90% complete": a feature story either completed or not completed. Concerned about the visual result is a nice little way of opposing arguments: on the one hand, the very intuitive, if progress is not satisfactory, the customer can cancel the project in a particular location. On the other hand, progress is obvious to, and determine the capacity of those things that will be completed very well, so XP projects are often less able to do more under the pressure of need.

顥?顥?customer test

顥?顥?characteristics as required by each part of the demonstration, XP Customer defines one or more automated acceptance tests to indicate that the property has been able to achieve. Team to achieve these tests and use them to prove to themselves and their clients features have been correctly implemented. Due to time pressures, automation is very important, manual tests will be skipped. It's like when the night comes, you can turn off your lights.

顥?顥?best XP team will test their customers the same treatment as a programmer tests: once the test run, and ever since has been the team will maintain its ability to run correctly. This means that systems can only be improved, always forward, from not be reversed.

顥?顥?small release

顥?顥?XP teams practice through two important ways a small release:

顥?顥?first, the team released in each iteration can be run, tested the software system to provide customer choice of commercial value. Customers can use this software for any purpose system is to assess whether or distributed to end users (highly recommended). The most important way to the end of each iteration when the software is visible, and submit to the customer. This ensures that all things are open and real.

顥?顥?Second, XP teams release as often as possible to their end users. XP Web projects to publish every day, home projects are published monthly or more frequently. Even simple products can be packaged to ship every quarter.

顥?顥?so often seem to create a good version may not likely, but XP teams all the time during the release. More information can see continuous integration, and note that the frequent release of these can be seen everywhere through the XP test (as customers test and test-first development described) becomes reality.

顥?顥?simple design

顥?顥?XP teams build software for a simple design. They start simple, and programmers in the testing and design improvements throughout the process, they kept the design simple. An XP team is always just keep the design functional requirements for the system current. There is no extra input, and software systems for the future is always ready.

顥?顥?In XP, the completion of the design is not a one-time thing, not a top-down thing, it is a matter from beginning to end. In the release planning and iterative design steps are planned in the rapid design process and set the capacity of the team throughout the project to improve the structure of the design. This is similar to extreme programming in an incremental and iterative process, good design is essential. This is the whole development process must be more attention to design reasons.

顥?顥?pair programming

顥?顥?all the products in the XP software is composed of two programmers sit side by side, in the same machine together completed. This practice ensures that all the product code has at least one of the other programmers were examined, and the result is better design, better testing and better code.

顥?顥?two programmers to do "a programmer's work" may seem a little inefficient, but in fact just the opposite. Studies show that the pair programming to programmers working alone in the same period of time will be better code. This shows that: two minds together much better than the one!

顥?顥?many programmers have not yet tried the case against the pair on the program. It does take some practice to do it, and you need to seriously practice a few weeks time to see results. 90% of the studied pair programming, programmers will like it, so we strongly recommend to all the teams it.

顥?顥?Aside from providing better code and tests, the team also provided into the knowledge transfer among the team. Exchange partners as a programmer on the ground, each person will someone from the other learned new knowledge. Programmers in learning, improving their technology, in terms of their team and the company becomes more valuable. Pairs, even if it outside of the implementation process in XP is a great success for everyone.

顥?顥?test-first development

顥?顥?feedback around extreme programming, and in software development, good feedback requires good testing. The best XP team practice "test-first development", in a small increase in a test cycle, then it can work. Almost easy, the code team has a test program is nearly 100% covered, in most cases this is a very important step forward. (If your programmers have provided more existing test procedure, you will have more power. Will they survive, they will provide help!)

顥?顥?just wrote a test program is not enough: you have to run them. Here, Extreme Programming is extreme. These "programmer tests", or "unit testing" is a complete set, when programmers publish any code to the code base of the time (paired programmers are usually published twice or more times a day), Every programmer tests must run correctly. Are 100 percent all the time to run! This means that programmers can immediately be done about how their feedback. Furthermore, these tests provide invaluable software design support for improvement.

顥?顥?design improvement

顥?顥?extreme programming in each iteration are focused on providing business value. In the course of the project in order to complete this goal, the software system must have a good design. Selectivity may be reduced and ultimately stagnation. So XP uses a process of continuous improvement design, called "reconstruction", the title comes from Martin Fowler, "Reconstruction: Improving the design of existing code."

顥?顥?concerned about the reconstruction process of removing duplicate (a clear sign of poor design), and to improve code "cohesion", as well as reduce the "coupling." High cohesion and low coupling in the last three decades been recognized as good design features. The result is that XP teams simple design from a good start, and always let the software system has a good simple design. This allows them to maintain their development speed, and often in practice to improve the speed of project development.

顥?顥?reconstruction is of course through comprehensive testing to provide strong support, these tests used to identify the time when the design changes will not damage anything in the system. The customer tests and programmer tests are a valid assessment of factors. XP is the practice of mutual support: they will be more robust than their independence.

顥?顥?Continuous Integration

顥?顥?Extreme Programming team is always to keep the system fully integrated. We say that a daily build version is available for the weak: XP teams build the system many times every day. (A 40-person XP team integrates at least daily from 8 to 10 times!)

顥?顥?benefits of this practice can recall you may have heard of (or is personally involved in) projects to understand: When the system is built every week or when a lower frequency, usually into "integration hell" , where all things can not run and no one knows why.

顥?顥?little software project will bring to integrate a range of issues. First, although integration is the issue of good working conditions for the code, but the team is not to practice it, and often it is delegated to those who do not quite understand the whole system of people. Second, very few integrated code is often - I always prefer to say - flawed.

顥?顥?collective code ownership

顥?顥?In an extreme programming project, each pair of programmers can improve at any time any one of the code. This means that all the code in many people's attention more under the revenue code that enhance the quality and reduce defects. There is another important benefit: When the code is only by a single individual responsible for the time required features are often placed in the wrong place, because a programmer discovered that he needs a feature, but that code does not return his management.浠g爜鐨勬墍鏈夎?澶繖涔愯?涓嶈兘鍘诲鍔犺繖涓壒鎬э紝鎵?互杩欎釜绋嬪簭鍛樺彧濂芥妸杩欎釜鐗规?鍔犺繘浜嗚繖涓壒鎬ф湰涓嶅簲璇ュ瓨鍦ㄧ殑浠栬嚜宸辩殑浠g爜涓?杩欏鑷翠簡闅剧湅鐨勶紝闅句簬缁存姢鍒颁唬鐮侊紝鍏呮枼鐫?噸澶嶅拰浣庯紙宸級鐨勫唴鑱氥?

顥ヮ棩濡傛灉鏈変汉鍦ㄤ粬浠墍涓嶇悊瑙g殑浠g爜涓婅繘琛岀洸鐩殑淇敼鏃讹紝闆嗕綋浠g爜鎵?湁鏉冨彲鑳藉甫鏉ラ棶棰樸?XP閫氳繃涓ょ鍏抽敭鎶?湳鏉ラ伩鍏嶈繖绫荤殑闂锛氶?杩囩▼搴忓憳娴嬭瘯鏉ユ崟鑾烽敊璇紝鎴愬缂栫▼鍒欒〃鏄庡湪涓嶇啛鎮夌殑浠g爜涓婂伐浣滅殑鏃跺?鏈?匠閫斿緞鏄壘涓?釜杩欐柟闈㈢殑涓撳浣滀负浼欎即銆備负浜嗙‘淇濆湪闇?鏄繘琛屽ソ鐨勪慨鏀癸紝杩欑瀹炶返灏嗙煡璇嗗欢浼稿埌浜嗘暣涓洟闃熴?

顥ヮ棩缂栫爜鏍囧噯

顥ヮ棩XP鍥㈤槦閬靛惊涓?釜鍏叡鐨勭紪鐮佹爣鍑嗭紝鍥犳绯荤粺涓墍鏈夌殑浠g爜鐪嬩笂鍘婚兘鍍忓嚭鑷崟鐙竴涓?鈥旈潪甯告湁鑳藉姏鐨勨?鈥斾汉涔嬫墜銆傝繖涓爣鍑嗙殑瑙勫畾骞朵笉閲嶈锛氶噸瑕佺殑鏄璁╂墍鏈夌殑浠g爜鐪嬩笂鍘诲緢鐩镐技锛岀敤鏉ユ敮鎸侀泦浣撲唬鐮佹墍鏈夋潈銆?br />
顥ヮ棩绯荤粺姣斿柣

顥ヮ棩鏋佺缂栫▼鍥㈤槦瀵逛簬绋嬪簭濡備綍杩愪綔褰㈡垚涓?釜鍏辫瘑锛屾垜浠О涔嬩负鈥滅郴缁熸瘮鍠烩?銆傚湪鏈?匠鐘舵?鏃讹紝绯荤粺姣斿柣鏄叧浜庣▼搴忓浣曡繍浣滅殑涓?釜绠?崟鐨勭伒榄傛弿杩帮紝渚嬪鐢ㄢ?杩欎釜绋嬪簭宸ヤ綔鏃跺氨鍍忎竴绠卞瓙铚滆渹锛屽鍑哄鎵捐姳绮夊苟甯﹀洖铚傜鈥濅綔涓轰竴涓熀浜庝唬鐞嗙殑淇℃伅鏌ヨ绯荤粺鐨勬弿杩般?

顥ヮ棩鏈変簺鏃跺?涓?釜鍗佸垎璇楁剰鐨勬兂璞″彲鑳戒笉浼氬嚭鐜般?鍦ㄤ换浣曟儏鍐典笅锛屾棤璁烘湁娌℃湁鐢熷姩鐨勬瘮鍠伙紝XP鍥㈤槦閮戒細閫夌敤涓?釜鍏叡鐨勫懡鍚嶇郴缁熸潵纭繚姣忎釜浜洪兘鑳界悊瑙g郴缁熸槸濡備綍宸ヤ綔鐨勶紝浠ュ強鍒板摢閲屽幓鎵惧埌浣犳墍闇?鐨勫姛鑳斤紝鎴栬?鎵惧埌浣犺澧炲姞鍔熻兘鐨勬纭綅缃?

顥ヮ棩鍙帴鍙楃殑姝ヤ紣

顥ヮ棩鏋佺缂栫▼鍥㈤槦閮戒細鍦ㄨ繖閲屽緢闀跨殑涓?鏃堕棿銆備粬浠姫鍔涚殑宸ヤ綔锛屽苟涓斿湪涓?釜鑳藉涓嶆柇缁存寔鐨勬浼愪笅銆傝繖鎰忓懗鐫?湪鏈夋晥鐨勬椂鍊欎粬浠細鍔犵彮宸ヤ綔锛岃?涓斾粬浠粡甯歌繖鏍峰伐浣滄潵淇濊瘉姣忓懆閮芥湁鏈?ぇ鐨勭敓浜у姏銆傝繖鎭板綋鐨勮В閲婁簡姝讳骸绔炶禌寮忕殑椤圭洰鏃笉浼氭湁鐢熶骇鍔涗篃涓嶄細鍒涢?鏈夎川閲忕殑杞欢绯荤粺銆俋P鍥㈤槦鍦ㄨ繖閲屾槸瑕佽儨鍒╄?涓嶆槸瑕佹浜°?

顥ヮ棩灏忕粨

顥ヮ棩鏋佺缂栫▼鏄竴绉嶄互绠?崟鎬с?浜ゆ祦銆佸弽棣堝拰鍕囨皵涓哄熀鏈畻鏃ㄧ殑寮?彂绾緥銆傚畠鐨勫仛娉曟槸浠ユ湁鏁堢殑瀹炶返瑙勫垯灏嗘暣涓洟闃熺揣瀵嗚仈绯昏捣鏉ワ紝閫氳繃鍏呭垎鐨勫弽棣堜娇鍥㈤槦鑳介殢鏃剁煡閬撹嚜宸辩洰鍓嶇殑鐘跺喌鍜屾伆褰撳湴璋冭妭瀹炶返瑙勫垯浠ラ?搴旇嚜宸辩殑鐗规畩鎯呭喌銆?br />





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Thursday, September 16, 2010

Easy to use Adobe Camera Raw matte finish to the skin to restore MM



In this changing world, a woman is the beauty of nature never change. If you do not care to shoot pictures of MM color offset, so that MM looks yellow faces vicissitudes of how to do? Today I teach you the recipe for simple techniques to restore the matte finish to the skin MM to win beauty laugh.

Our approach is first to use Adobe Camera Raw (hereinafter referred to as ACR) quickly and efficiently deal with the situation color cast photos, and then Photoshop (hereinafter referred to as PS) to adjust the CMYK color of skin, skin color accurately restore the character. We all know, ACR is a professional digital film processing RAW format plug-ins, integrated in the PS in a highly efficient tool of choice for dealing with one photo. But many people do not know, it can also handle JPG format photos, and to use the software as simple as a fool.











ACR to JPG with high color

1. Set to open with ACR JPG

As long as the PS in the simple setup, you can use ACR to open our common JPG format photos. First open the PS, then select "Edit 鈫?Preferences 鈫?Camera Raw" menu, open the Settings dialog box (Figure 1). In the "JEPG and TIFF processing" will JEPG item is set to "automatically open all supported JEPG". In this way, we completed the deal with the ACR JPG document preparation.






2. To restore the photo colors with ACR

Now let's open the need to adjust in ACR photo, photos, some color cast seems meant to be a white scarf into a blue, this is the camera's white balance settings when shooting typical problems caused by improper. ACR's white balance using the tools, we can quickly photo of white balance correction.

Found in the original photo should be white object (such as cases in the figure scarf), and click on it using the white balance tool, the photo has been true to the white balance immediately (Figure 2).






After the white balance correction, photos, details still lack high-light, photo gray side, lack of color, we then solve.

To "restore" drag the slider to the right, you can see in the picture highlight the details of gradual recovery. Then, drag the "black" slider to the right move, increasing the weight of shadow image, enhance picture contrast, making photo richer level. Finally, we use the "details of the saturation of" Strengthening the photo colors bright up to MM (Figure 3).






See photo, MM become more beautiful, right? Next, we will use the "precision weapons" to restore MM precision matte finish to the skin.

MM with a matte finish to the skin Phtoshop

We used to adjust the MM color, are to judge by the naked eye, the method by personal aesthetic level, color recognition, and display color reproduction ability, can not accurately restore the normal color. In fact, the skin color is a pattern, experts say, a normal skin color with a CMYK color to define, the ratio is: C (cyan) = 1/3M (magenta), Y (yellow) than M (magenta), K (black) very small, almost zero. Of course, this ratio is not absolute, but we can adjust according to narrow the scope of this ratio, accurate color adjustments.

We first use the tool bar of the "color sampling tool" in the MM face fine tone more neutral locale sampling points, the number of sampling points can be set to one, but can be set more. After setup is complete, the sampling point with the mouse right-click, and pop-up menu, select "Display as CMYK color," we can see in the information panel location of sampling points in the proportion of CMYK values (Figure 4).






Next, we copy the background layer, then create a curve adjustment layer, through the curves in red, green, blue three-channel color adjustment to adjust the completion of MM. Shown in Figure 5, curves adjustment layer at the operation panel, click the top left corner of the hand tool into a suction sampling points after the click, you can define the curve on the location of sampling points.






Analysis of the sample color photo percentage of MM sampling points, C = 15%, M = 29%, Y = 18%, K = 0, according to the aforementioned specialists experience, we need to reduce C, raising Y. Here, we use the curves adjustment layer to adjust.

Back to the curves adjustment layer dialog box, in the channel curve defined by the above method of sampling point location. First of all, lower C values, because the complement of blue to red color, so we raise the red to reduce the C content. Will define the control point moves to increase the red content. Adjusted, C = 11%, M = 30%, the ratio was close to 1:3 (Figure 6).






Next, we need to increase the content of Y, because the yellow and blue colors complement each other, so that we can reduce the blue, to increase the Y content. Adjust the control points on the blue curve moves down and reduce the blue. Adjusted, Y = 32%, slightly higher than 30% of M (Figure 7).






After the above adjustments, the color at this time MM has been a real reduction, and we have some polished and simple dermabrasion treatment, has been the perfect end result.







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Thursday, July 15, 2010

JSN-1 (A) Digital Switching Introduction




I. Introduction
JSN-1 (A) switch is Jade Bird Huaguang Technology Co., Ltd. to respond to the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications China Telecom network development on the strategic plan, in accordance with ITU-T series of recommendations and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of the technical specifications for the characteristics of China's telecommunications network construction, the introduction of foreign nineties advanced technology, combined with development of China's specific national conditions, development, production, and a technology advanced, full-featured, reliable and accurate digital PBX billing. It is widely used large-scale, very large scale integrated circuits, computer networks, optical communication and object-oriented software design of the latest communications technology and advanced automated production lines, in strict accordance with international quality standard ISO9000 series of management. In the 93 years of performance testing of similar products in the country were the highest first, the annual production capacity of 100 million lines. By the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications as the first batch of optimization models, especially for the public network of Posts and Telecommunications Bureau of Agriculture would end, tandem Council and the City, then branch offices, as well as water, electricity, public security, military and other specialized communication networks to use.

Second, the system features
1, complete system functionality
System supports a variety of services, and is stored in the program by the microprocessor control.
At any time, as long as the modified software or insert a new package can increase the system functionality.

2, flexible configuration structure
All building blocks structure, module combination.
Easy to expand capacity, from 200 to 11 392 lines are free expansion.
Standard slot machine box, and software interfaces, various types of interface, plug and play.

3, abundant interface types
PCM digital relay, each plate 60 Road (2 脳 2.048Mbps).
Four-line carrier relay EMT, 8 per plate.
E / M relay (2 wire / 4 wire), 4-way per board.
Multi-function interface, a magnet, E / M and loop relay functions, each plate 8.
User interface, each plate 8, pulse / multi-frequency phone is compatible.
Polarity reversal user interface, each plate 8, can be accessed by magnetic cards, coin and Mandarin machine.
Slot design compatible with a variety of ports.

4, a powerful networking capability
With a variety of program-controlled electromechanical switches and networking with DID, DOD functions. Can be set up in various forms, various levels of private communication networks.
Support a variety of national standard signaling, but also with some non-standard way signal to adapt.
3 automatic routing, the maximum number of route 300, the system of routing the largest up to 5 digits. Equipment with the first direct route selection, followed by the election circuitous route, eventually routing the last election.
With various tandem, connecting function, in tandem process, with the signals can be transmitted end to end way forward or paragraph by paragraph.
Automatic re-election, even under direct user switch (PABX).

5, flexible and reversible manner
Full range of release control, calling control, called control, and do not control mode could be set.
Council calls the user control mode with each other.
Of the trouble calls can be called man-machine commands into control mode.
The user's long-distance automatic control to the caller if the call were reversible manner.
Semi-automatic to domestic or international long distance, then continue, the operator response before the main call control, called control after response.
Special service call by the called control method (112,110,119,17 X, 10X) and the recovery mode does not control each other.

6 business functions
Provide domestic, international and local networks of various automatic telephone call.
International and domestic long-distance semi-automatic calls, manual call.
Provide various special services.
Declaration to provide query and business.
Can provide users with a variety of voice mail features.
6 users have the right.
Wealth of new business functions.
Support non-voice services.

7, performance improved maintenance capabilities
Menu-driven, window technology, character graphics.
Data generation is simple and reliable.
Automatic diagnosis, online test.
Remote maintenance can be equipped with special cards and software to achieve the central office to the remote branch offices, remote centralized maintenance.
Practical signaling trace display.
Follow a detailed process analysis.
Automatic traffic statistics.
Perfect sound and light warning system.

8, flexible billing management system
City, then, farmers, long-distance real-time billing.
Demand rates and project settings.
Rates can be analyzed to determine number 11.
Online, offline charging optional.
Automatic billing, billing flexibility, can live freely set to double billing or detailed billing meter times.
Sub-billing, Internet, set up to adapt to the latest demand of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.
Various sorting, statistics, reports, fully functional.
Chinese screen prompts, easy to operate.
Window (windows platform) technology, menu help.

9, non-blocking switching network
Switching network using digital technology, the number of hours to form a non-blocking switching network, allowing all users to call.

10, high-quality transmission performance
With pulse code modulation (PCM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) switching network of advanced digital technology, can achieve low noise and stable high-speed data transmission.

11, multi-functional intelligent attendant console
More than 386 by the general increase with the attendant console PC card and software, which can immediately display the current status and call information.
Each rack can be accessed by five attendant console, the whole system to connect up to 20 attendant console.
Attendant console to make use of digital transmission systems to minimize the wire device. 5 pairs of wire connection using a cable, attendant console can be connected to more than 1,000 meters from the system to work in places.
Displays to provide extension and trunk status.
A system of regional management and diagnosis of special features.

12, High Reliability
All decentralized modular structure.
Power, main control system, switching network, the clock and other critical components hot backup.
Comprehensive diagnostic, testing, fault isolation and automatic re-function.
Advanced over-current, over voltage protection circuit ports to avoid the lightning, strong electrical damage.
VLSI.
Advanced production technology and strict quality control.
High availability, redundancy, fault tolerance.

13, good inheritance, and scalability
With 2B + D, 30B + D function.
Support the ISDN protocol.
Support for China on the 7th of road signaling.
Can continue to expand new business capabilities.
Full support broadband integrated services and future development of telecommunication networks.
Expansion can be smooth or BSP80 for the JSN-1A super node broadband network platform for a user access module.

14, a wide range of applications
JSN-1 (A) digital program-controlled switches are widely used in agriculture, then the public telecommunication network end office, tandem Bureau and the City, then branch offices.
Applied to form the public security, electricity, water, coal, oil, railways, military and other specialized communications network.
Also be used as various departments, factories, schools, hotels, the user switches.

Annex: JSN-1 (A) Application of the Model Figure



3, JSN-1 (A) system structure

1 Overview
JSN-1 (A) Digital Switching from the five basic functional units: the main unit, patch panels, attendant console, power supply units, peripheral equipment (data communication, billing devices and phones and terminals).

Basic system block diagram is as follows:



2, system
JSN-1 (A) formed by a number of chassis, consisting of system calls and relay the user interface, as a whole, each frame is called a switching unit (EU). The exchange unit and the connection between the host aircraft is achieved by the ribbon cable used to transmit various control information.

4, JSN-1 (A) system technical characteristics

1, the new business functions
Dialing, hotline services, breath restriction, to avoid disturbing services, to find trouble calls, alarm clock service, no answer transfer, call transfer, call back busy, call waiting, three-way calling, conference calls, the user self ringing more than 30 kinds of new business.

2, sound alarm device
JSN-1 (A) Digital Switching System with remote fault alarm device, the device has a buzzer and indicator lights, remote alarm is divided into three situations: power failure alarm, warning of hardware failure, software failure alarm. Into serious trouble alarm warning level and the general failure alarm two.







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Wednesday, July 7, 2010

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Tuesday, June 29, 2010

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Sunday, June 20, 2010

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